Using quadrat technique to sample the population of daisies:

Use random sample (so not biased) also must be representative (large – for good results)

- Find random number to find the y and x axis numbers. For example if the random number was (3,3) the data would be taken from quadratic square (3,3)on the field.
- Each quadrate in this example is 1m by 1m
- Then count the number of daisies in that square

The sample needs to be representative Sample :
- The bigger the better
- 10 quadrates/ 10% of the actual area would be taken for the results
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Collecting data:
Make a table.
One column called ‘quadrates number’ and other column ‘Number of daisies per meter squared’
Add up column ‘Number of daisies per meter squared’

Divide the total from column ‘Number of daisies per meter squared’ by the number of quadrates
The result is the number of daisies per meter 2

Using this data we can compare the population of daisies with other field.

- Sand dune Ecosystem: made up of a number of populations (like all ecosystems) which then form the community and habitat.

- The fence runs through the middle which slits the sand dune area into two regions. One region is ‘Grazed’ by cattle and the other is ‘not grazed’

- Quadrating - (Quadrat = squares) Using string/wood/metal to make a square grid. Usually about 0.25m by 0.25m (or up to 1m by 1m)

- Quadrat used to sample the area and count the number of individuals here. The process is repeated a few times. This is done to get an estimate of the population size.

- Overall, Quadrating are a method or sampling different locations of population can be compared in the two locations.

- Pollen grain on the stigma and they germinate and tubes begin to grow off them which then enter the ovule. The nucleus moves down the pollen tube to the nucleus
- Pollen nucleus will fertilize the ovule leads to formation of the Zygote (grow in the embryotic plant)
- Outside of the ovule forms the seed coat called the TESTA
- Also inside the Ovule are the Cotyledons which are food stores for the seedlings. This will support the plant until it has developed its first leafs
- Thickening of the walls of the ovaries. The plant will put in a lot of energy, things like sugars/proteins. Build up will create fruits (developed in the wall of the ovary/carpel)

Developmental map of a flower

-Transfer of the pollen grain for the anther (By air, carried through Wind)  to the Stigma
- Adaptations:
1. Lightweight pollen grains with some kind of wing feature which allows them to move through the air efficiently
2. Anthers will hang well clear of any basic flower structure, exposed to the wind.
3. Stigma, large surface are, feather like structure to catch the pollen grains as they pass through the air on the wind.
- Grass, no colour in the petals and no scent to attract insects.
- Waste of energy to produce nectarines since it is a wind pollinated plant.

Structure: - Petals
- Staman (male part) - Anther (pollen grains), Filament
- Carpel (female part) - Stigma, style and Ovary (ovules)
- Pollinating Flower: When Pollen grain is transfers from the ANTHER in one plant to the STIGMA in another plant
- Pollen is a small stucture that contains male NUCLEI
-Flowers attracts inscent
Attraction Adaptions from Insects:
- Signals: SCENTS AND COLOUR PETALS
- Value: POLLEN (source of protein) AND FOOD (nectaries produce fructose)